Press, Politics and the Public
Sphere in Europe and
North America, –
Edited by
Hannah Barker
University of Manchester
and
Simon Burrows
University of Leeds
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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First published in printed format
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ge University Press 2004
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Contents
Notesoncontributorspagevii
Acknowledgementsix
Introduction
Thecosmopolitanpress,–
TheNetherlands,–
Germany,–
England,–
Ireland,–
America,–
France,–
TheFrenchrevolutionarypress
Italy,–
Russia,–
Index
v
Notes on the contributors
is Senior Lecturer in History at the University of
Manchester. She is author of Newspapers, Politics and Public Opinion
in Late Eighteenth-Centur
y England
() and Newspapers, Politics
and
English Society, – (). She is also co-editor of Gender in
Eighteenth-Century England (), with Elaine Chalus, and Language,
Print and Electoral Politics, – (), with David Vincent.
is Lecturer in Modern History at the University of
Leeds. He has published several articles on the London-based French
press between and , as well as French Exile Journalism and
European Politics, – ().
is Professor of History at George Mason University. He
is author of Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring
the French Revolu-
tion (with Lynn Hunt), The French Press in the Age of Enlightenment
() and Prelude to Power: The Parisian Radical Press, – (),
and has written numerous articles on the historiography of the French
Revolution. He has also edited three books: Press and Politics in Pre-
Revolutionary France (), French Revolution and Intellectual History
() and Visions and Revisions in Eighteenth-Century France ().
is the A. J. Fletcher Professor of Communications
at Elon University. He is the author of Colonial American Newspapers:
Character and Content () and Debating the Issues in Colonial News-
papers (), as well as several articles on the press in eighteenth-
century colonial America.
is professor of history at University College, Dublin. He
has published many works on both French and Irish history, including
The Newspaper Press in the French Revolution (), Ireland and the
French Revolution () and The Terror in the French Revolution ().
is Professor of History at the University of
Munich. He works on both German and English history, and amongst
vii
viii Notes on the contributors
his publications are Natural Law and Bureaucratic Perspectives: Studies in
Prussian Intellectual and Social History in the Eighteenth Century (),
and Liberty and Licentiousness: The Discourse on the Liberty of the Press in
Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Britain (). He has also edited
The Transformation of Political Culture: England and Germany in the Late
Eighteenth Century () and Rethinking Leviathan: The Eighteenth-
Century State in Britain and Germany (), with John Brewer.
works in Brussels, where he conducts independent
research. His publications include ‘“Una scienza dell’amor patrio”:
public economy, freedom and civilisation in Giuseppe Pecchio’s works
(–)’, Journal for Modern Italian Studies () and ‘Italian
exiles and British politics before and after ’, in Rudolf Muhs
and Sabine Freitag, (eds.), Flotsam of Revolution. European Exiles in
Mid-Victorian England (Oxford, ). He is currently working on a
biography of the Lombard exiled economist and journalist, Giuseppe
Pecchio.
is Lecturer in Modern History at the University
of Munich. He has published Bayerns Presspolitik und die Neuordnung
Deutschlands nach den Befreiungskriegen (), as well as a number of
articles on press, propaganda and censorship in nineteenth-century
Germany. He is also editor of Das . Jahrhundert. Ein Lesebuch zur
deutschen Geschichte – ().
is Professor of Russian and Central
European Studies at the University of Minnesota, where she also co-
ordinates the library’s Russian and central European collections. She
has written a number of articles on print culture in pre-revolutionary
Russia, especially the early nineteenth century, and is editor of Books
in Russia and the Soviet Union: Past and Present ().
is Senior Lecturer at the University of Waikato, New
Zealand. He is currently writing a bookon the Ultra-Tories and has
produced several articles on the influential Dublin University Magazine
and on the BrunswickClubs.
is Professor of Modern History at the University
of Amsterdam. He is the author of Onze Natuurlijkste Bondgenoot.
Nederland, Engeland en Europa, – () and Talen van het vader-
land. Over patriottisme en nationalisme (). He has edited a number of
books, including one on the concept of Fatherland in the Netherlands
from early modern times till World War II and one on Dutch lieux-
de-m´emoire.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the following, for their generous help in compiling this
volume: Rodney Barker, Joe Bergin, Jeremy Black, Oliver Bleskie, Carlo
Capra, Elaine Chalus,
Malcolm Crook, Simon Dixon, Paul Hoftijzer,
Ann Hughes, Michael John, Colin Jones, Otto Lanckhorst, Gary Marker,
Monica McLean, Louise McReynolds,
James Raven, Raymond Richards,
Cynthia Whittaker, and our anonymous readers.
ix
Introduction
Hannah Barker and Simon Burrows
As a vital component of print culture, newspapers feature prominently in
most recent accounts of social and political change in the late eighteenth
and early nineteenth centuries. This is as true for historians exploring the
new ‘cultural interpretation’ of the French Revolution as it is for those
studying Europe’s emergent middle classes or the commercialisa
tion of
Western culture. Yet despite the priority both historians and contempo-
raries have attributed to the influence of the newspaper press, its role is
poorly integrated into most narrative accounts, and not enough is known
about the press itself, especially in
terms of national comparison.
This
is particularly problematic given the central role that many historians
attribute to newspapers in the formation of ‘public opinion’ and a pan-
European ‘public sphere’ independent of government but critical of the
actions of authority.
This bookseeks to address this need by offering a number of nationally
based case studies, assessing their common features and divergences and
exploring the role of the newspaper in political and social change. The
choice of ‘national boundaries’ as organising categories serves an essential
purpose here, because the political and legal frameworks which defined
the parameters and possibilities of the press, as well as the broad con-
tours of societies and economies, were to a high degree co-extensive with
national borders, even in ancien regime Europe. Furthermore, the extent
and processes by which nationhood was defined from the s to the
s rankamong the most problematic and pressing issues confronting
historians of the period, and accounts of the processes of nation-building
and defining national identity often privilege the press.
Within our pre-
dominantly ‘national’ framework, chapters covering communities lacking
statehood (Ireland and pre-revolutionary America), geographic units in-
corporating many states (Germany and Italy) and a chapter on the cosmo-
politan press offer varied perspectives on links between the press and
shifting senses of community and national identity.
Many recent press studies have stressed the extent to which news-
papers and the political and print cultures in which they arise help to
Hannah Barker and Simon Burrows
define one another. Thus, the study of the press cannot be isolated from
the broader contexts in which it operates. Different contexts can lead to
considerable divergences, even at a single historical moment.
In con-
sidering a representative range of national press cultures, contributors to
this volume take a variety of approaches. They examine the structure of
the press; the methods used to control it by political authorities and their
effectiveness; the journalistic texts themselves; and the political role of
newspapers within the public
sphere, however de
fined. They investigate
who owned the papers, who wrote for them, how they were distributed
and who read them, and attempt to assess how far audience composition
and the social backgrounds of journalists, editors and proprietors deter-
mined the nature of the messages the press contained. They also investi-
gate how far newspaper circulations, regularity of publication, audience
size, price, marketing methods and availability determined the social and
geographic penetration of newspapers, their level of independence from
patronage and their political roles. Moreover, they describe the journal-
istic texts, their presentation and format, the topics they covered, the
way issues were presented and the messages, overt and implicit, that they
contained. Such a comprehensive approach to the comparative role of na-
tional newspaper presses reveals important differences. Divergent press
traditions helped to shape radically different national political cultures,
calling many generalisations about the role of the press into question.
Our approach also recognises that different national presses developed
according to national political chronologies, and thus allowed our con-
tributors a certain flexibility about end-dates. In particular, we felt that
abrupt changes in political circumstances during the revolutionary period
so altered press regimes in several countries that it made no sense to offer
a unitary coverage of the whole period –. Thus, there are sepa-
rate chapters on pre-revolutionary and revolutionary France, and discus-
sion of those states where the vestiges of press liberty were extinguished
by Napoleonic expansion – the Netherlands and Italy – ends around
. However, the subsequent experience of these states from until
the restoration fits within the broader narrative outlined in the chapter
on the cosmopolitan press. Despite these divergences of experience, as
European and American national presses grew from common origins,
and common analytical frameworks have influenced the academic study
of their development, it is possible to raise common themes here.
When newspapers began to emerge in the early seventeenth century,
they were the product of a relatively mature print culture, which accor-
ding to Marshall McLuhan, was already shaping the entire experience
of Western civilisation.
Drawing upon a variety of disciplines, McLuhan
suggested that the impact of the invention of movable type printing
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